RENEWABLES 2010 GLOBALE STATUS REPORT

.Google Documens (p80:pdf) :
RENEWABLES 2010 GLOBALE STATUS REPORT
http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/REN21_GSR_2010_full.pdf
http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/REN21_GSR_2010_full_revised%20Sept2010.pdf
.Google Documens (p61:pdf) :
Global Trend in Sustainable Energy Investment 2010
Analysis of Trends and Isssues in the Financing of RenewableEnergy and energy Efficiency
http://sefi.unep.org/fileadmin/media/sefi/docs/publications/UNEP_v2_proof9.pdf
【From】: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2010/07/the-state-of-new-energy-investing?cmpid=rss
========= ========

希望のある未来社会を創ろう

【Let's create hopeful future.】
世界の人口増大にともなって、世界的な大きな課題となってきた食料問題の解決や雇用創出を目的として、自然再生循環系(sustainable)の経済・社会体制を創造し、地球温暖化防止の係る環境創造を発展させるために、地球の表面積の約70%の海洋の利用や海洋資源開発関係等の新しい海洋開発産業・事業、大規模洋上風力発電等のプロジェクトを構築し世界の青年の夢と希望を拡げながら国際的な協力で、希望のある未来社会を創って行きましょう。

Prisident Obama 氏の支援グループへの私の過去のメール

President Obama 氏の支援グループへの私のメール
How do you do. 
 My name is yuuji matuoka , as a civil ocean engineer in japan , age 61. I want to show my presentation about the ocean development aiming at making the peaceful world to the President of Obama USA. ( : My this presentation is always my lifework. ) How do you come to be able to do it from poor life in rich life? How to change to be able to do it from the poor people to the plentful people? The Ocean Development was presented by J.F.Kennedy before about 40 years ago. Here are many objects on the subjects in these difficult big projects, but I believe it will be possible and succeed. Those many projects will be able to make up many jobs for worldwide people. The best leader will be present both The hope and The Dream for many people believing the leader. Please show to USA President Obama my presentation. I hope USA President Mr.Obama will succeed as Best excellent top leader in the world at 21century.
This is my presentation. : 私の海洋開発提案 : ノアの箱舟を創ろう-Super Floating Structure
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?hl=ja&hl=ja&key=0Aj0s8hP9-4RddEtHWWRZOTlrRk1RRHc5ZzlKVk1LRVE&output=html
2009.1.29
===============
===============

OREC- Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition

OREC- Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition
Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition http://www.oceanrenewable.com/
President Obama Announces Ocean Task Force On June 12, 2009, President Obama announced the formation...
Markey/Waxman legislation on Climate Change Released; News for Marine Renewables Developers On May 15, 2009, Representatives Waxman and Markey...
Congressional Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency EXPO & Forum SUSTAINABLE ENERGY COALITION MARK YOUR CALENDAR ...
http://www.oceanrenewable.com/2008/10/30/201/
~~~ ~~~ ~~~
メールで、私に a business co-operation and your assistance の協力の申し出が米国系の機関(Wright Matthew)からありました。 2010.5.19
~~~  ~~~  ~~~
From: Wright Matthew Sent: Monday, May 17, 2010 6:06 PM To: undisclosed-recipients: Subject: I need your co-operation
I need your co-operation
Hello , I am writing to you for a business co-operation and your assistance . I have some money, i will like to invest with you in your country on a good areas you could choose . I will give you further details when i read from you. I secured your contact through a directory and that is why I have written to ask for a business co-operation with you. I await your response.
Thank you. Wright Matthew.
~~~ ~~~ ~~~
【参考リンク】: http://www.oceanrenewable.com/2010/03/12/matt-r-simmons-to-address-gmrec-iii-during-thursday-april-15th-luncheon/
Matt R. Simmons to Address GMREC III during Thursday, April 15th Luncheon
March 12, 2010 by TMarieHilton
Filed under Announcements, Blog, OREC Newsroom
Matthew R. Simmons is Chairman Emeritus of Simmons & Company International, a specialized energy investment banking firm. The firm has completed approximately 770 investment banking projects for its worldwide energy clients at a combined dollar value in excess of $140 billion.
Mr. Simmons was raised in Kaysville, Utah. He graduated cum laude from the University of Utah and received an MBA with Distinction from Harvard Business School. He served on the faculty of Harvard Business School as a Research Associate for two years and was a Doctoral Candidate.
Mr. Simmons began a small investment bank/advisory firm in Boston. Among his early clients were several subsea service companies. By 1973, almost all of his clients were oil service companies. Following the 1973 Oil Shock, Simmons decided to create a Houston-based firm to concentrate on providing highest quality investment banking advice to the worldwide oil service industry. Over time, the specialization expanded into investment banking covering all aspects of the global energy industry.
SCI’s offices are located in Houston, Texas; London, England; Boston, Massachusetts; Aberdeen, Scotland and Dubai, UAE. In 2007, Mr. Simmons founded The Ocean Energy Institute in Mid-Coast Maine. The Institute’s focus is to research and create renewable energy sources from all aspects of our oceans.
Simmons serves on the Board of Directors of Houston Technology Center (Houston) and the Center for Houston’s Future (Houston). He also serves on The University of Texas’ M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Foundation Board of Visitors (Houston) and is a Trustee of the Bermuda Institute for Ocean Sciences. In addition, he is past Chairman of the National Ocean Industry Association. Mr. Simmons is a past President of the Harvard Business School Alumni Association and a former member of the Visiting Committee of Harvard Business School. He is a member of the National Petroleum Council, Council on Foreign Relations and The Atlantic Council of the United States. Mr. Simmons is a Trustee of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, The Island Institute and Farnsworth Art Museum in Maine.
Mr. Simmons’ recently published book Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy has been listed on the Wall Street Journal’s best-seller list. He has also published numerous energy papers for industry journals and is a frequent speaker at government forums, energy symposiums and in boardrooms of many leading energy companies around the world.
Mr. Simmons is married and has five daughters. His hobbies include watercolors, cooking, writing and travel.
=======    =======
=======    =======

2010年6月23日水曜日

反シオニズム:wikipedia

【出展リンク】:

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/反シオニズム


反シオニズム


反シオニズム(はんシオニズム)は政治的、宗教的にシオニズムに反対する幾つかの異なる観点を述べるのに使われる概念である。反シオニズムはシオニズムに対して共通の形式で現れる場合もあるが、それらの背景や思想には大きな開きがあり、1つの現象と看做すことはできない。ここでは歴史的なものと現在のシオニズムへの反対について述べる。
シオニズムの定義として幾つか挙げられる。
反シオニズムはこれらの目的あるいは行為への反対として現れる。反シオニズムも人種差別として非難される場合がある。

目次

 [非表示]

反シオニズムの諸類型 [編集]

ユダヤ人の反シオニズム [編集]

アーリヤーを巡って [編集]


ワシントンD.C.で行われたアメリカ・イスラエル公共問題委員会会場にてユダヤ人国家の平和的解体を訴えるナートーレー・カルター2005年5月
ヘブライ語で「上昇」を意味するアリーヤーという語は、ユダヤ人によるイスラエルへの帰還を表す言葉として古代より用いられてきた。中世に入ると、ナフマニデスアイザック・ルリアヨセフ・カロら多くの有名なラビがイスラエルの地へ戻った。この他世界各地で離散を余儀なくされているユダヤ人も、メシアの時代に果たされるであろう帰還を祈り[1]、その願いは数世代にわたって受け継がれていった。
しかしユダヤ啓蒙主義時代には、改革派がアリーヤーを含め伝統的な信条を時代に合わないものと見なし破棄した。その後、イスラエルへのユダヤ人入植者が増加すると、従来の宗教上の信条と並行してイデオロギー政治的配慮から、アリーヤーが再び脚光を浴びるようになる。
ただ、敢えて離散状態を選択するユダヤ人も少なからず存在することから、アリーヤーへの支持が常に厚いわけでなく、現代のシオニズム運動もそれ程一般的ではない。とは言え、正統派保守派、近年では改革派に至るまで、シオニズムは一定の支持を得ているのが現状である[2][3][4]

超正統派 [編集]

シオニズムが始まった当初、ヒレル・ツァイトリンジョエル・テイテルバウムなど多くの宗教的ユダヤ人は、ユダヤ人か否かに関わらず、世俗的なイデオロギーであるナショナリズムには反対の立場を採り、シオニズムに対する闘争を展開した[5]

世俗的ユダヤ人 [編集]

ユダヤ人共同体は一枚岩ではなく、集団内外でも様々な反応が見られる。こうしたことから、世俗的ユダヤ人と宗教的ユダヤ人との間に原理的な相違が見られる以上、世俗的ユダヤ人がシオニズム運動に反対する理由は、宗教的ユダヤ人のものとは大きく異なる。
第二次世界大戦以前、多くのユダヤ人はシオニズムを浮世離れした非現実的な運動と見なしていた[6]啓蒙主義時代ヨーロッパにおいて多くの自由主義者は、ユダヤ人が国民国家に忠誠を誓い、現地の文化に同化した上で完全な平等を享受すべきと説いた。一方、統合なり同化なりを受け入れたユダヤ人には、シオニズムがユダヤ人の市民権獲得の上で脅威に映った[7]
ヨーロッパでは、多くのユダヤ人が左派或いは国際主義的な信念からシオニズムに反対したし、エジプトでは共産主義の影響を受けたユダヤ人反シオニズム同盟が結成された。またイスラエルにおいてもマツペンハダシュといった政党を中心に、反シオニズムを標榜する組織政治家が存在する。

第二次世界大戦とイスラエル建国 [編集]

シオニズムに対する態度は、第二次世界大戦を境に変貌を遂げた。ホロコーストの全容が明らかになる前の1942年5月ビルトモア会議パレスチナにユダヤ人共同体を設立すべきという、伝統的なシオニズム政策の放棄を宣言した[8]。 これを受け、一部シオニストの間に、パレスチナにおけるアラブ・ユダヤ連合国家樹立を支持する政党を立ち上げるなどの動きが見られた[9] 。
だがホロコーストの実態が知られると、社会主義者で終生無神論を貫いたイギリスジャーナリストアイザック・ドイッチャーを含め、1948年以前はシオニズムを批判していた者でさえ見解を改めるようになった。第二次大戦以前、ドイッチャーは国際社会主義運動に害を与えるとしてシオニズムに反対していたが、ホロコースト以後は戦前の見解を悔い改め、生き残ったユダヤ人に避難所を与えるのは「歴史的必然」との立場から、イスラエルの建国を支持した。

ユダヤ人共同体外における反シオニズム [編集]

世俗的アラブ人 [編集]


イギリスの支配下にあった頃のパレスチナ及びトランスヨルダン地図
ヨーロッパ列強による植民地支配を受けてきた、アラブ諸国の反植民地主義者や反帝国主義主義者は、ある国が特定の国を支配するには先ず、自国の人間を移民として送り込むべきとの見解を強調していた。この見解によると、対シオニズム闘争はパレスチナ人自身が革命を起こし、ユダヤ人入植者を排除することにあるとした。また1960年代ナセル時代の汎アラブ主義者は、パレスチナをアラブ世界の一部と捉え、アラブ諸国が団結してイスラエルに軍事介入すべきと説いた。

ムスリム [編集]

イスラム教を奉じる反シオニズム主義者は一般的に、イスラエルをイスラム世界への介入者と見なし、イスラム世界はムスリムによってのみ合法的永続的に支配されるのが理想と考える[10][11][12]
また、イラン政府(但し1979年革命以降)のみならずパレスチナ人らは、イスラエルが非合法である以上、イスラエルという国家そのものを指す場合、「イスラエル」ではなく「シオニスト政体」という語を用いることが多い。例えば2006年12月タイム誌が行ったインタビューでも、アフマディネジャドは「皆さんご存じの通り、シオニスト政体両政府の傀儡政権に過ぎない」と発言した[13]

カトリック教会と反シオニズム [編集]

ピウス10世ベネディクト15世ピウス12世をはじめ現代の歴代教皇は、シオニズム批判を大々的に行ってきた[14]。これは、ユダヤ人がキリストの神性を認めない以上、彼らが進めるシオニズム運動を支持するわけにはいかないためである[15]教皇庁もこうした問題により、1993年までイスラエルと関係が断絶していた。

脚注 [編集]

  1. ^ Taylor, A.R., 1971, 'Vision and intent in Zionist Thought', p. 10,11
  2. ^ [1] Rachael Gelfman, Religious Zionists believe that the Jewish return to Israel hastens the Messiah
  3. ^ [2] Ehud Bandel - President, the Masorti Movement, Zionism
  4. ^ http://ccarnet.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=42&pge_prg_id=4687&pge_id=1656
  5. ^ Shaul Magid, “In Search of a Critical Voice in the Jewish Diaspora: Homelessness and Home in Edward Said and Shalom Noah Barzofsky’s Netivot Shalom,” Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, Society n.s. 12, no. 3 (Spring/Summer 2006), p.196
  6. ^ Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism, (Schocken Books, New York 1978, ISBN 0805205230), pp385-6.
  7. ^ Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism, p399.
  8. ^ American Jewish Year Book Vol. 45 (1943-1944) Pro-Palestine and Zionist Activities, pp 206-214
  9. ^ American Jewish Year Book Vol. 45 (1943-1944), Pro-Palestine and Zionist Activities, pp 206-214
  10. ^ Neusner, Jacob (1999年). Comparing Religions Through Law: Judaism and Islam. Routledge. ISBN 0415194873.  p. 201
  11. ^ Merkley, Paul Charles (2001年). Christian Attitudes Towards the State of Israel. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0773521887.  p.122
  12. ^ Akbarzadeh, Shahram (2005年). Islam And the West: Reflections from Australia. UNSW Press. ISBN 0868406791.  p. 4
  13. ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570714,00.html
  14. ^ La condamnation de l'idéologie sioniste par l’Église catholique
  15. ^ Catholicism, France and Zionism: 1895-1904



    【Wikipedia】:【Neoconservatism:English】・【新保守主義:日本語】

    【出展リンク1】:
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoconservatism


    Neoconservatism

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Neoconservatism is a right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States of America, and which supports using American economic and military power to bring liberalismdemocracy, and human rights to other countries.[1][2][3] Consequently the term is chiefly applicable to certain Americans and their strong supporters. In economics, unlike paleoconservatives and libertarians, neoconservatives are generally comfortable with a welfare state; and, while rhetorically supportive of free markets, they are willing to interfere for overriding social purposes.[4]
    The term neoconservative was used at one time as a criticism against proponents of American modern liberalism who had "moved to the right".[5][6] Michael Harrington, a democratic socialist, coined the current sense of the term neoconservative in a 1973 Dissent magazine article concerning welfare policy.[7] According to E. J. Dionne, the nascent neoconservatives were driven by "the notion that liberalism" had failed and "no longer knew what it was talking about."[8] The term "neoconservative" was the subject of increased media coverage during the presidency of George W. Bush.[9][10] with particular focus on a perceived neoconservative influence on American foreign policy, as part of the Bush Doctrine.[11] The term neocon is often used as pejorative in this context.
    The first major neoconservative to embrace the term, Irving Kristol, was considered a founder of the neoconservative movement. Kristol wrote of his neoconservative views in the 1979 article "Confessions of a True, Self-Confessed 'Neoconservative.'"[5] His ideas have been influential since the 1950s, when he co-founded and edited Encounter magazine.[12] Another source was Norman Podhoretz, editor of Commentarymagazine from 1960 to 1995. By 1982 Podhoretz was calling himself a neoconservative, in a New York Times Magazine article titled "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy".[13][14] Kristol's son, William Kristol, founded the neoconservative Project for the New American Century.

    Contents

     [hide]

    [edit]History and origins

    [edit]Great Depression and World War II

    "New" conservatives initially approached this view from the political left. The forerunners of neoconservatism were most often socialists or sometimes liberals who strongly supported the Allied cause in World War II, and who were influenced by the Great Depression-era ideas of theNew Dealtrade unionism, and Trotskyism, particularly those who followed the political ideas of Max Shachtman.[citation needed] A number of future neoconservatives, such as Jeane Kirkpatrick,[citation needed] were Shachtmanites in their youth; some were later involved with Social Democrats USA.
    Some members of the mid-20th century literary group, The New York Intellectuals were forebears of neoconservatism[15]. The most notable was literary critic Lionel Trilling, who wrote, "In the United States at this time liberalism is not only the dominant but even the sole intellectual tradition." It was this liberal vital center, a term coined by the historian and liberal theorist Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., that the neoconservatives would see as threatened by New Left extremism. But the majority of vital center liberals remained affiliated with the Democratic Party,[citation needed] retained left-of-center viewpoints, and opposed Republican politicians such as Richard Nixon, who first attracted neoconservative support.[citation needed]
    Initially, the neoconservatives were less concerned with foreign policy than with domestic policy. Irving Kristol's journal, The Public Interest, focused on ways that government planning in the liberal state had produced unintended harmful consequences. Norman Podhoretz's magazineCommentary, formerly a journal of the liberal left, had more of a cultural focus, criticizing excesses in the movements for black equality and women's rights, and in the academic left.[citation needed] Through the 1950s and early 1960s the future neoconservatives had been socialists or liberals strongly supportive of the American Civil Rights Movementintegration, and Martin Luther King, Jr..[16][17]
    The neoconservatives, arising from the anti-Stalinist left of the 1950s, opposed the anti-capitalism of the New Left of the 1960s. They broke from the liberal consensus of the early post-World War II years in foreign policy, and opposed Détente with the Soviet Union in the late 1960s and 1970s.
    George Orwell has been said by some[who?] to have anticipated neoconservatism, but this claim has been challenged.[18][19][20]

    Senator Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, influential neoconservative forerunner.

    [edit]Drift away from New Left and Great Society

    Neoconservatives came to dislike the counterculture of the 1960s baby boomers, and what they saw as anti-Americanism in the non-interventionism of the movement against the Vietnam War.[citation needed]
    As the policies of the New Left pushed these intellectuals farther to the right, they moved toward a more aggressive militarism, while becoming disillusioned with President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society domestic programs. Academics in these circles, many still Democrats, rejected the Democratic Party's foreign policy in the 1970s, especially after the nomination of anti-war candidate George McGovern for president in 1972. The influential 1970 bestseller The Real Majority by future television commentator and neoconservative Ben Wattenberg expressed that the "real majority" of the electorate supported economic liberalism but social conservatism, and warned Democrats it could be disastrous to take liberal stances on certain social and crime issues.[21]
    Many supported Democratic Senator Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, derisively known as the Senator from Boeing, during his 1972 and 1976 campaigns for president. Among those who worked for Jackson were future neoconservatives Paul WolfowitzDoug Feith and Richard Perle. In the late 1970s neoconservative support moved to Ronald Reagan and the Republicans, who promised to confront Soviet expansionism.
    Michael Lind, a self-described former neoconservative, explained:[22]
    Neoconservatism... originated in the 1970s as a movement of anti-Soviet liberals and social democrats in the tradition of Truman,KennedyJohnsonHumphrey and Henry ('Scoop') Jackson, many of whom preferred to call themselves 'paleoliberals.' [After the end of the Cold War]... many 'paleoliberals' drifted back to the Democratic center... Today's neocons are a shrunken remnant of the original broad neocon coalition. Nevertheless, the origins of their ideology on the left are still apparent. The fact that most of the younger neocons were never on the left is irrelevant; they are the intellectual (and, in the case of William Kristol and John Podhoretz, the literal) heirs of older ex-leftists.
    In his semi-autobiographical book, Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea, Irving Kristol cited a number of influences on his own thought, including not only Max Shachtman and Leo Strauss but also the skeptical liberal literary critic Lionel Trilling. The influence of Leo Strauss and his disciples on neoconservatism has generated some controversy, with Lind asserting:[23]
    For the neoconservatives, religion is an instrument of promoting morality. Religion becomes what Plato called a noble lie. It is a myth which is told to the majority of the society by the philosophical elite in order to ensure social order... In being a kind of secretive elitist approach, Straussianism does resemble Marxism. These ex-Marxists, or in some cases ex-liberal Straussians, could see themselves as a kind of Leninist group, you know, who have this covert vision which they want to use to effect change in history, while concealing parts of it from people incapable of understanding it.
    William Kristol defends his father by noting that the criticism of an instrumental view of politics misses the point. When the context is a discussion of religion in the public sphere in a secular nation, religion is inevitably dealt with instrumentally. Apart from that, it should be born in mind that the majority of neoconservatives believe in the truth, as well as the utility, of religion.[24]

    [edit]1980s

    As the 1980s wore on, younger second-generation neoconservatives, such as Elliott Abrams, pushed for a clear policy of supporting democracy against both left and right wing dictators, who were at that time increasingly engaged in human rights abuses worldwide.[citation needed] This debate led to a policy shift in 1986, when the Reagan administration (after initially dithering and then with Paul Wolfowitz's demands that he be let go) the administration urged urged Philippines dictator Ferdinand Marcos to step down amid turmoil over a rigged election. Abrams also supported the 1988 Chilean plebiscite that resulted in the restoration of democratic rule and Augusto Pinochet's eventual removal from office.[citation needed] Through the National Endowment for Democracy, led by another neoconservative, Carl Gershman,[citation needed] funds were directed to the anti-Pinochet opposition in order to ensure a fair election.[citation needed]
    The election of Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in the United Kingdom brought new impetus to neoconservative ideas, with Thatcher representing the triumph of neoconservatism over the 'socialist' ideals of the European post-war consensus, built around union representation and the Welfare State (see British Neoconservatism). She also had a very neoconservative foreign policy – favouring strong actions and favouring democracy – she dispatched a fleet and overthrew Gen. Galtieri in Argentina[citation needed] when he invaded the Falkland islands,[25]she was in support not just of rolling back Saddam Hussein's aggression against Kuwait but of going on to Baghdad and having done with his hideous regime in 1991 [26] (the origins of the neoconservative argument over Iraq - that our[who?] action was too late in 2003, not to rushed - they definitely supported the Shi'ite & Kurdish rebellions in 1991 but people like Paul Wolfowitz were arguing of the dangers posed by a totalitarian and expansionist Iraq as early as 1978 [27]) and she was also in favour of the humanitarian intervention that rescued Bosnia and was calling for it in 1992.[28] She also had a strong sense of getting people away from welfare dependency, which forms a central basis of neoconservative thinking on domestic policy.

    [edit]1990s

    During the 1990s, neoconservatives were once again in the opposition side of the foreign policy establishment, both under the Republican Administration of President George H. W. Bush and that of his Democratic successor, President Bill Clinton. Many critics charged that the neoconservatives lost their raison d'être and influence following the collapse of the Soviet Union.[29]
    Neoconservative writers were critical of the post-Cold War foreign policy of both George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, which they criticized for reducing military expenditures and lacking a sense of idealism in the promotion of American interests. They accused these Administrations of lacking both moral clarity and the conviction to pursue unilaterally America's international strategic interests.[30]
    The movement was galvanized by the decision of George H. W. Bush and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to leaveSaddam Hussein in power after the first Gulf War in 1991. Some neoconservatives viewed this policy, and the decision not to support indigenous dissident groups such as the Kurds and Shiites in their 1991-1992 resistance to Hussein, as a betrayal of democratic principles.[citation needed]
    Ironically, some of those same targets of criticism would later become fierce advocates of neoconservative policies. In 1992, referring to the first Gulf War, then United States Secretary of Defense and future Vice President Dick Cheney, said:
    I would guess if we had gone in there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. We'd be running the country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home....
    And the question in my mind is how many additional American casualties is Saddam [Hussein] worth? And the answer is not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the president made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq.[31]
    Within a few years of the Gulf War in Iraq, many neoconservatives were pushing to oust Saddam Hussein. On February 19, 1998, an open letter to President Clinton appeared, signed by dozens of pundits, many identified with neoconservatism and, later, related groups such as the PNAC, urging decisive action to remove Saddam from power.[32]
    Neoconservatives were also members of the blue team, which argued for a confrontational policy toward the People's Republic of China and strong military and diplomatic support for Taiwan.
    In the late 1990s Irving Kristol and other writers in neoconservative magazines began touting anti-Darwinist views, in support of intelligent design. Since these neoconservatives were largely of secular backgrounds, a few commentators have speculated that this – along with support for religion generally – may have been a case of a "noble lie", intended to protect public morality, or even tactical politics, to attract religious supporters.[33]

    [edit]2000s

    [edit]Administration of George W. Bush

    The Bush campaign and the early Bush Administration did not exhibit strong support for neoconservative principles. As a candidate Bush argued for a restrained foreign policy, stating his opposition to the idea of nation-building[34] and an early foreign policy confrontation with China was handled without the vociferousness suggested by some neoconservatives.[35] Also early in the Administration, some neoconservatives criticized Bush's Administration as insufficiently supportive of Israel, and suggested Bush's foreign policies were not substantially different from those of President Clinton.[36]
    Bush's policies changed dramatically immediately after the September 11, 2001 attacks. According to columnist Gerard Baker,[37]
    It took, improbably, the arrival of George Bush in the White House and September 11, 2001, to catapult [neoconservatism] into the public consciousness. When Mr Bush cited its most simplified tenet – that the US should seek to promote liberal democracy around the world – as a key case for invading Iraq, neoconservatism was suddenly everywhere. It was, to its many critics, a unified ideology that justified military adventurism, sanctioned torture and promoted aggressive Zionism.
    Bush laid out his vision of the future in his State of the Union speech in January 2002, following the September 11, 2001 attacks. The speech, written by (now) neoconservative David Frum, named Iraq, Iran and North Korea as states that "constitute an axis of evil" and "pose a grave and growing danger." Bush suggested the possibility of preemptive war: "I will not wait on events, while dangers gather. I will not stand by, as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."[38][39]
    Some prominent defense and national security personalities have been quite critical of what they believed was Neoconservative influence in getting the United States to war with Iraq. Retired General William Odom, who had once served as NSA Chief under Ronald Reagan, was openly critical of Neoconservative influence in the decision to go to war, having said "It's pretty hard to imagine us going into Iraq without the strong lobbying efforts from AIPAC and the neocons, who think they know what's good for Israel more than Israel knows."[40]
    Nebraska Republican U.S. Senator Chuck Hagel, who has been critical of the Bush Administration's adoption of neoconservative ideology in his book America: Our Next Chapter, writes, "So why did we invade Iraq? I believe it was the triumph of the so-called neo-conservative ideology, as well as Bush administration arrogance and incompetence that took America into this war of choice ... They obviously made a convincing case to a president with very limited national security and foreign policy experience, who keenly felt the burden of leading the nation in the wake of the deadliest terrorist attack ever on American soil."
    [edit]Bush Doctrine
    The Bush Doctrine of preventive war was explicitly stated in the National Security Council text "National Security Strategy of the United States", published September 20, 2002. "We must deter and defend against the threat before it is unleashed... even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack... The United States will, if necessary, act preemptively."[41] Policy analysts noted that the Bush Doctrine as stated in the 2002 NSC document bore a strong resemblance to recommendations originally presented in a controversial Defense Planning Guidance draft written in 1992 by Paul Wolfowitz under the first Bush administration.[42]
    The Bush Doctrine was greeted with accolades by many neoconservatives. When asked whether he agreed with the Bush Doctrine, Max Bootsaid he did, and that "I think [Bush is] exactly right to say we can't sit back and wait for the next terrorist strike on Manhattan. We have to go out and stop the terrorists overseas. We have to play the role of the global policeman... But I also argue that we ought to go further."[43]Discussing the significance of the Bush Doctrine, neoconservative writer William Kristol claimed: "The world is a mess. And, I think, it's very much to Bush's credit that he's gotten serious about dealing with it... The danger is not that we're going to do too much. The danger is that we're going to do too little."[44]

    [edit]2008 Presidential election and aftermath

    John McCain, who was the Republican candidate for the 2008 United States Presidential election, supported continuing the Iraq War, "the issue that is most clearly identified with the neoconservatives." The New York Times further reports that his foreign policy views combine elements of neoconservative and the main competing view in conservative circles, pragmatism, also called realism:[45]
    Among [McCain's advisors] are several prominent neoconservatives, including Robert Kagan... Max Boot... John R. Bolton... [and]Randy Scheunemann.
    "It may be too strong a term to say a fight is going on over John McCain's soul", said Lawrence Eagleburger... who is a member of the pragmatist camp... [but he] said, "there is no question that a lot of my far right friends have now decided that since you can’t beat him, let's persuade him to slide over as best we can on these critical issues."
    Mr. McCain, who is aware of the concerns, told reporters on his campaign plane early this week that he took foreign policy advice from a wide variety of people... Mr. McCain has always promoted his reputation for departing from ideological orthodoxy in both foreign and domestic policy... he talks to realists like... Henry A. Kissinger and... George P. Shultz.
    Following the election, Jonathan Clarke, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, expressed the view that:
    "[i]n many ways, the 2008 election represented a direct repudiation of the neocon style of foreign policy based on military-centred, unilateralist overreaching. At first sight, the incoming Obama administration appears to be the polar opposite of neoconservatism. Its instincts are multilateralist, being committed, for example, to adhering to the Kyoto Protocol and to international agreements like the Geneva Convention. It places a high priority on diplomacy, with President-elect Obama being open to direct talks with long-ignored countries like Iran and Cuba. Defense Secretary Gates, who is remaining in office, has made it clear that he regards military intervention as the genuinely last option. Furthermore, the financial meltdown and the drains of the Iraq and Afghan wars have chipped away at the pre-eminence of US power. It is difficult to argue today that the US enjoys a unipolar advantage. The safest bet, therefore, is that we can bid adieu to the neocons and leave their role to be adjudicated by history. They themselves argue that they form part of the mainstream of American history. It seems more likely that they will come to be seen as an aberration."[46]

    [edit]Evolution of views

    [edit]Usage and general views

    The term has been used before, and its meaning has changed over time. Writing in The Contemporary Review (London) in 1883, Henry Dunckleyused the term to describe factions within the Conservative Party; James Bryce again uses it in his Modern Democracies (1921) to describe British political history of the 1880s. The German authoritarians Carl Schmitt, who became professor at the University of Berlin in 1933, andArthur Moeller van den Bruck were called "neo-conservatives".[47] In "The Future of Democratic Values" in Partisan Review, July-August 1943, Dwight MacDonald complained of "the neo-conservatives of our time [who] reject the propositions on materialism, Human Nature, and Progress." He cited as an example Jacques Barzun, who was "attempting to combine progressive values and conservative concepts." In his essay "Two Concepts of Liberty," Isaiah Berlin uses the term to refer to those who look for their societal ideal in what has come before; "rooted in the past – la terre et les morts – as maintained by German historicists or French theocrats, or neo-Conservatives in English-speaking countries..."[48]
    In the early 1970s, democratic socialist Michael Harrington used the term in its modern meaning. He characterized neoconservatives as former leftists – whom he derided as "socialists for Nixon" – who had moved significantly to the right. These people tended to remain supporters ofsocial democracy, but distinguished themselves by allying with the Nixon administration over foreign policy, especially by their support for the Vietnam War and opposition to the Soviet Union. They still supported the welfare state, but not necessarily in its contemporary form.
    Irving Kristol remarked that a neoconservative is a "liberal mugged by reality", one who became more conservative after seeing the results of liberal policies. Kristol also distinguished three specific aspects of neoconservatism from previous forms of conservatism: neo-conservatives had a forward-looking approach drawn from their liberal heritage, rather than the reactionary and dour approach of previous conservatives; they had a meliorative outlook, proposing alternate reforms rather than simply attacking social liberal reforms; they took philosophical ideas and ideologies very seriously.[49]
    Political philosopher Leo Strauss (1899–1973) was an important intellectual antecedent of neoconservativism. Strauss notably influenced Allan Bloom, author of the 1987 bestseller Closing of the American Mind.
    In January 2009, at the close of President George W. Bush's second term in office, Jonathan Clarke, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, proposed the following as the "main characteristics of neoconservatism"[46]:
    • "a tendency to see the world in binary good/evil terms
    • low tolerance for diplomacy
    • readiness to use military force
    • emphasis on US unilateral action
    • disdain for multilateral organizations
    • focus on the Middle East
    • an us versus them mentality".

    [edit]Usage outside the United States

    In other liberal democracies, the meaning of neoconservatism is closely related to its meaning in the United States. Neoconservatives in these countries tend to support the 2003 invasion of Iraq and similar U.S. foreign policy, while differing more on domestic policy. Examples are:
    In countries which are not liberal democracies, the term has entirely different meanings:

    [edit]Views on foreign policy

    "Neo-conservatism is something of a chimera in modern politics. For its opponents it is a distinct political movement that emphasizes the blending of military power with Wilsonian idealism, yet for its supporters it is more of a ‘persuasion’ that individuals of many types drift into and out of. Regardless of which is more correct, it is now widely accepted that the neo-conservative impulse has been visible in modern American foreign policy and that it has left a distinct impact" [50]
    Historically, neoconservatives supported a militant anticommunism,[51] tolerated more social welfare spending than was sometimes acceptable to libertarians and paleoconservatives, and sympathized with a non-traditional foreign policy agenda that was less deferential to traditional conceptions of diplomacy and international law and less inclined to compromise principles, even if that meant unilateral action.
    The movement began to focus on such foreign issues in the mid-1970s[citation needed]. However, it first crystallized in the late 1960s as an effort to combat the radical cultural changes taking place within the United States. Irving Kristol wrote: "If there is any one thing that neoconservatives are unanimous about, it is their dislike of the counterculture."[52] Norman Podhoretz agreed: "Revulsion against the counterculture accounted for more converts to neoconservatism than any other single factor."[53] Ira Chernus argues that the deepest root of the neoconservative movement is its fear that the counterculture would undermine the authority of traditional values and moral norms. Because neoconservatives believe that human nature is innately selfish, they believe that a society with no commonly accepted values based on religion or ancient tradition will end up in a war of all against all. They also believe that the most important social value is strength, especially the strength to control natural impulses. The only alternative, they assume, is weakness that will let impulses run riot and lead to social chaos.[54]
    According to Peter Steinfels, a historian of the movement, the neoconservatives' "emphasis on foreign affairs emerged after the New Left and the counterculture had dissolved as convincing foils for neoconservatism... The essential source of their anxiety is not military or geopolitical or to be found overseas at all; it is domestic and cultural and ideological."[55] Neoconservative foreign policy parallels their domestic policy.
    Believing that America should "export democracy", that is, spread its ideals of government, economics, and culture abroad, they grew to reject U.S. reliance on international organizations and treaties to accomplish these objectives. Compared to other U.S. conservatives, neoconservatives take a more idealist stance onforeign policy; adhere less to social conservatism; have a weaker dedication to the policy of minimal government; and in the past, have been more supportive of the welfare state.
    Aggressive support for democracies and nation building is additionally justified by a belief that, over the long term, it will reduce the extremism that is a breeding ground for Islamic terrorism. Neoconservatives, along with many other political theorists [citation needed], have argued that democratic regimes are less likely to instigate a war than a country with an authoritarian form of government. Further, they argue that the lack of freedoms, lack of economic opportunities, and the lack of secular general education in authoritarian regimes promotes radicalism and extremism. Consequently, neoconservatives advocate the spread of democracy to regions of the world where it currently does not prevail, notably the Arab nations of the Middle East, communist China and North Korea, and Iran.
    In July 2008 Joe Klein wrote in TIME magazine that today's neoconservatives are more interested in confronting enemies than in cultivating friends. He questioned the sincerity of neoconservative interest in exporting democracy and freedom, saying, "Neoconservatism in foreign policy is best described as unilateral bellicosity cloaked in the utopian rhetoric of freedom and democracy."[56]
    In February 2009 Andrew Sullivan wrote he no longer took neoconservatism seriously because its basic tenet was defense of Israel:[57]
    The closer you examine it, the clearer it is that neoconservatism, in large part, is simply about enabling the most irredentist elements in Israel and sustaining a permanent war against anyone or any country who disagrees with the Israeli right. That's the conclusion I've been forced to these last few years. And to insist that America adopt exactly the same constant-war-as-survival that Israelis have been slowly forced into... But America is not Israel. And once that distinction is made, much of the neoconservative ideology collapses.
    Neoconservatives respond to charges of merely rationalizing support for Israel by noting that their "position on the Middle East conflict was exactly congruous with the neoconservative position on conflicts everywhere else in the world, including places where neither Jews nor Israeli interests could be found—not to mention the fact that non-Jewish neoconservatives took the same stands on all of the issues as did their Jewish confrères."[58]

    [edit]Views on Economics

    While neoconservatism is generally supportive of free markets and capitalism, favoring supply side approaches, there are several points of disagreement with classical liberalism and fiscal conservatism: Irving Kristol states that neocons are more relaxed about budget deficits and tend to reject the Hayekian notion that the growth of government influence on society and public welfare is "the road to serfdom".[59] Indeed, to safeguard democracy, government intervention and budget deficits may sometimes be necessary, Kristol argues.
    Further, neoconservative ideology stresses that while free markets do provide material goods in an efficient way, they lack the moral guidance human beings need to fulfill their needs. Morality can only be found in tradition, they say, and, contrary to the libertarian view, markets do pose questions that can't be solved within a purely economic framework. "So as the economy only makes up part of our lives, it must not be allowed to take over and entirely dictate to our society".[60] Stelzer concludes that while neoconservative economic policy helped to lower taxes and generate growth, it also led to a certain disregard of fiscal responsibility.[61] Critics consider neoconservatism a bellicose and "heroic" ideology opposed to "mercantile" and "bourgeois" virtues and therefore "a variant of anti-economic thought".[62]

    [edit]Distinctions from other conservatives

    Most neoconservatives are members of the Republican Party. They have been in electoral alignment with other conservatives and served in the same presidential administrations. While they have often ignored ideological differences in alliance against those to their left, neoconservatives differ from paleoconservatives. In particular, they disagree with nativismprotectionism, and non-interventionism in foreign policy, ideologies that are rooted in American history, but which have fallen out of the mainstream U.S. politics after World War II. Compared with traditionalist conservatism and libertarianism, which may be non-interventionist, neoconservatism emphasizes defense capability, challenging regimes hostile to the values and interests of the United States[citation needed]. Neoconservatives also believe in democratic peace theory, the proposition that democracies never or almost never go to war with one another.
    Neoconservatives are opposed to realist (and especially neorealist) theories and policies of international relations [citation needed], often associated with Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger. Though Republican and anti-communist, Nixon and Kissinger made pragmatic accommodation with dictators and sought peace through negotiations, diplomacy, and arms control. They pursued détente with the Soviet Union, rather thanrollback, and established relations with the Communist People's Republic of China. On the other hand, American neoconservatives are often held up as exemplars of idealism (often, paradoxically, called liberalism) in international relations, on account of their state-centered and ideological (as opposed to systematic and security-centered) interpretation of world politics.
    Unlike most schools of conservative thought, neoconservatives tend to be secular though some believe, as Strauss did, in religion but not god. They think it's good for the masses and promotes morality.
    Unlike all other schools of conservative thought, the neoconservatives are prepared to make war on the status quo, sometimes gaining them the name radical conservatives [63]. Most recently they've been associated with advocating the removal of Saddam Hussein - something violently opposed by realists and mainstream conservatives as something that could cause instability but the neoconservative view says that instability for now will result in long term stability as a democracy will replace a dictatorial and totalitarian regime

    [edit]Criticism of terminology

    Some of those identified as neoconservative reject the term, arguing that it lacks a coherent definition, or that it was coherent only in the context of the Cold War.
    Conservative writer David Horowitz argues that the increasing use of the term neoconservative since the 2003 start of the Iraq War has made it irrelevant:[citation needed]
    Neo-conservatism is a term almost exclusively used by the enemies of America's liberation of Iraq. There is no 'neo-conservative' movement in the United States. When there was one, it was made up of former Democrats who embraced the welfare state but supported Ronald Reagan's Cold War policies against the Soviet bloc. Today 'neo-conservatism' identifies those who believe in an aggressive policy against radical Islam and the global terrorists.
    The term may have lost meaning due to excessive and inconsistent use. For example, Dick CheneyCondoleezza Rice, and Donald Rumsfeld have been identified as leading neoconservatives despite the fact that they have been life-long conservative Republicans (though Cheney and Rice have supported Irving Kristol's ideas).
    Some critics reject the idea that there is a neoconservative movement separate from traditional American conservatism. Traditional conservatives are skeptical of the contemporary usage of the term and dislike being associated with its stereotypes or supposed agendas. Columnist David Harsanyi wrote, "These days, it seems that even temperate support for military action against dictators and terrorists qualifies you a neocon."[64] Jonah Goldberg rejected the label as trite and over-used, arguing "There's nothing 'neo' about me: I was never anything other than conservative."

    [edit]Antisemitism

    Some writers and intellectuals, particularly conservatives, have argued that criticism of neoconservatism is often a euphemism for criticism of conservative Jews, and that the term has been adopted by the political left to stigmatize support for Israel. In The Chronicle of Higher Education, Robert J. Lieber warned that criticism of the 2003 Iraq War had spawned[65]
    conspiracy theory purporting to explain how [American] foreign policy... has been captured by a sinister and hitherto little-knowncabal. A small band of neoconservative (read, Jewish) defense intellectuals... has taken advantage of 9/11 to put their ideas over on [Bush]... Thus empowered, this neoconservative conspiracy, "a product of the influential Jewish-American faction of the Trotskyist movement of the '30s and '40s" ([Michael] Lind)... has fomented war with Iraq... in the service of Israel's Likud government (Patrick J. Buchanan and [Eric Alterman).
    Time magazine's Joe Klein has suggested it is legitimate to look at the religion of neoconservatives. He does not say there was a conspiracy but says there is a case to be made for disproportionate influence of Jewish neoconservative figures in US foreign policy, and that several of them supported the Iraq war because of Israel's interests, though not necessarily in a conscious contradiction to American interests:
    "I do believe that there is a group of people who got involved and had a disproportionate influence on U.S. foreign policy. There were people out there in the Jewish community who saw this as a way to create a benign domino theory and eliminate all of Israel's enemies....I think it represents a really dangerous anachronistic neocolonial sensibility. And I think it is a very, very dangerous form of extremism. I think it's bad for Israel and it's bad for America. And these guys have been getting a free ride. And now these people are backing the notion of a war with Iran and not all of them, but some of them, are doing it because they believe that Iran is an existential threat to Israel."[66]
    David Brooks derided the "fantasies" of "full-mooners fixated on a... sort of Yiddish Trilateral Commission", beliefs which had "hardened into common knowledge... In truth, people labeled neocons (con is short for 'conservative' and neo is short for 'Jewish') travel in widely different circles..."[67] Barry Rubin argued that the neoconservative label is used as an antisemitic pejorative:[68]
    First, 'neo-conservative' is a codeword for Jewish. As antisemites did with big business moguls in the nineteenth century and Communist leaders in the twentieth, the trick here is to take all those involved in some aspect of public life and single out those who are Jewish. The implication made is that this is a Jewish-led movement conducted not in the interests of all the, in this case, American people, but to the benefit of Jews, and in this case Israel.

    [edit]Criticism

    The term neoconservative may be used pejoratively by self-described paleoconservativesDemocrats, and by libertarians.
    Critics take issue with neoconservatives' support for aggressive foreign policy. Critics from the left take issue with what they characterize asunilateralism and lack of concern with international consensus through organizations such as the United Nations.[69][70][71] Neoconservatives respond by describing their shared view as a belief that national security is best attained by actively promoting freedom and democracy abroad as in the democratic peace theory through the support of pro-democracy movements, foreign aid and in certain cases military intervention. This is a departure from the traditional conservative tendency to support friendly regimes in matters of trade and anti-communism even at the expense of undermining existing democratic systems and possible destabilization. Author Paul Berman in his book Terror and Liberalism describes it as, "Freedom for others means safety for ourselves. Let us be for freedom for others."
    In an essay in the New York Times Magazine in 2006 that was strongly critical of the Iraq invasion,[10] Francis Fukuyama identified neoconservatism with Leninism.[10] He wrote that neoconservatives:
    …believed that history can be pushed along with the right application of power and will. Leninism was a tragedy in its Bolshevikversion, and it has returned as farce when practiced by the United States. Neoconservatism, as both a political symbol and a body of thought, has evolved into something I can no longer support.[10]
    Republican Congressman and libertarian leaning former Presidential candidate Ron Paul has been a long time critic of the neoconservative movement as an attack on freedom and the U.S. Constitution, including an extensive speech on the House floor addressing neoconservative roots and how neoconservatism is neither new nor conservative. That speech can be seen in a variety of places online [1].

    [edit]Foreign interventionism

    Recently neoconservatives and military, in line with the Bush Doctrine, are speaking of cumulative and synergistic Effects-Based Operations to combat asymmetric warfare nature in the War on Terrorism and their Axis of evil supporters. Such proactive foreign interventionism has over time created some controversy as in the case of Operation GladioSchool of the Americas, the Iraq War, the war in North-West Pakistan and over policies of low intensity conflict or other effects-based operations. Some conservatives, like Rush Limbaugh, say that parts of suchdemonizing controversy is fueling a culture of fear. Currently there are also controversies with Russia accusing the USA of interfering[72] in theRussia-Georgia warBolivian president Evo Morales accusing the USA of supporting an insurrection against him[73] and Venezuelan presidentHugo Chavez saying the USA has been plotting for overthrowing his presidency.[74][75] Both Bolivia and Venezuela accuse the George W. Bush administration of interfering with their democratically elected governments. The 2004 award-winning documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11 byMichael Moore criticizes the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The 2007 documentary film The War on Democracy by Christopher Martin and John Pilgertreats the subject of United States history of foreign interventionism in Latin America.

    [edit]Imperialism and secrecy

    John McGowan, professor of humanities at the University of North Carolina, states, after an extensive review of neoconservative literature and theory, that neoconservatives are attempting to build an American Empire, seen as successor to the British Empire, its aim being to perpetuate a Pax Americana. As imperialism is largely seen as unacceptable by the American public, neoconservatives do not articulate their ideas and goals in a frank manner in public discourse. McGowan states,[76]
    Frank neoconservatives like Robert Kaplan and Niall Ferguson recognize that they are proposing imperialism as the alternative to liberal internationalism. Yet both Kaplan and Ferguson also understand that imperialism runs so counter to American's liberal tradition that it must... remain a foreign policy that dare not speak its name... While Ferguson, the Brit, laments that Americans cannot just openly shoulder the white man's burden, Kaplan the American, tells us that "only through stealth and anxious foresight" can the United States continue to pursue the "imperial reality [that] already dominates our foreign policy", but must be disavowed in light of "our anti-imperial traditions, and... the fact that imperialism is delegitimized in public discourse"... The Bush administration, justifying all of its actions by an appeal to "national security", has kept as many of those actions as it can secret and has scorned all limitations to executive power by other branches of government or international law.
    Tim Dickinson has accused the George W. Bush administration of political denialism,[77].

    [edit]Friction with paleoconservatism

    Starting in the 1980s, disputes over Israel and public policy contributed to a sharp conflict with paleoconservatives, who argue that neoconservatives are an illegitimate addition to the conservative movement. For example, Pat Buchanan calls neoconservatism "a globalist, interventionist, open borders ideology."[78] The open rift is often traced back to a 1981 dispute over Ronald Reagan's nomination of Mel Bradford, a Southerner, to run the National Endowment for the Humanities. Bradford withdrew after neoconservatives complained that he had criticized Abraham Lincoln; the paleoconservatives supported Bradford.

    [edit]Related publications and institutions

    [edit]Institutions

    [edit]Publications

    [edit]See also

    [edit]Notes

    1. ^ Polity, 2008 Robinson, Paul. Dictionary of International Security. Polity, 2008. p. 135
    2. ^ Fiala, Andrew. The Just War Myth. Rowman & Littlefield. 2008. p. 133
    3. ^ Vaughn, Stephen L. Encyclopedia of American Journalism. CRC Press, 2007 p. 329
    4. ^ Tanner, Michael. Leviathan on the Right. Cato Institute, 2007. pp 33-34.
    5. a b Goldberg, Jonah (2003-05-20). "The Neoconservative Invention"National Review. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
    6. ^ Kinsley, Michael (2005-04-17). "The Neocons' Unabashed Reversal"The Washington Post: p. B07. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
    7. ^ Harrington, Michael (Fall 1973). "The Welfare State and Its Neoconservative Critics". Dissent 20. Cited in: Isserman, Maurice (2000). The Other American: the life of Michael Harrington. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1891620304. "...reprinted as a chapter in Harrington's 1976 book The Twilight of Capitalism, pp. 165-272. Earlier in 1973 he had sketched out some of the same ideas in a brief contribution to a symposium on welfare sponsored byCommentary, "Nixon, the Great Society, and the Future of Social Policy", Commentary 55 (May 1973), p.39"
    8. ^ Dionne, E.J. (1991). Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 55–61. ISBN 0-671-68255-5.
    9. ^ Marshall, J.M. "Remaking the World: Bush and the Neoconservatives". From Foreign Affairs, November/December 2003. Retrieved on December 1, 2008.
    10. a b c d Fukuyama, F. (February 19, 2006). After NeoconservatismNew York Times Magazine. Retrieved on: December 1, 2008.
    11. ^ see "Administration of George W. Bush."
    12. ^ Kristol, Irving (1999). Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 1-56663-228-5.
    13. ^ Gerson, Mark (Fall 1995). "Norman's Conquest,"Policy Review. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
    14. ^ Pohoretz, Norman (1982-05-02). "The Neoconservative Anguish over Reagan's Foreign Policy"The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
    15. ^ Boneau, Denis. "The New York Intellectuals and the invention of neoconservatism"Voltairenet.org. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
    16. ^ Nuechterlein, James (May 1996). "The End of Neoconservatism"First Things 63: 14–15. Retrieved 2008-03-31. "Neoconservatives differed with traditional conservatives on a number of issues, of which the three most important, in my view, were the New Deal, civil rights, and the nature of the Communist threat... On civil rights, all neocons were enthusiastic supporters of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 (sic), while the National Review was suspicious of King and opposed to federal legislation forbidding racial discrimination.".
    17. ^ Gerson, Mark (Fall 1995). "Norman's Conquest,"Policy Review. Retrieved 2008-03-31. "Podhoretz was a liberal in that he supported the New Deal and civil rights".
    18. ^ "PBS: Thinktank". Retrieved 17 August 2009.
    19. ^ "PBS: Thinktank". Retrieved 17 August 2009.
    20. ^ Hanks, Robert (June 1, 2002). "Reclaiming George, Daily Telegraph"The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 17 August 2009.
    21. ^ Mason, Robert (2004). Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New MajorityUNC Press. pp. 81–88. ISBN 0807829056.
    22. ^ Lind, Michael (2004-02-23). "A Tragedy of Errors"The Nation. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
    23. ^ The Power of Nightmares, episode 2.
    24. ^ Mark Gerson: The Neoconservative Vision: From the Cold War to the Culture Wars, pp. 284-85. Madison Books, 1997. ISBN 1-56883-054-5.
    25. ^ http://www.euronews.net/2009/04/01/argentina-mourns-first-post-junta-president/
    26. ^ http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-67537838.html
    27. ^ http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/175524-1 (at about 14:35)
    28. ^ Bevins, Anthony; Goodwin, Stephen (December 17, 1992). "Thatcher warns of 'Holocaust' risk in Bosnia appeal"The Independent (London). Retrieved May 20, 2010.
    29. ^ Jaques, Martin (2006-11-16). "America faces a future of managing imperial decline"The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2008-01-31.
    30. ^ Bill Clinton and the Decline of the Military of December 2006 at "Human Events Underground Conservative" website, quotes several former articles, and an ongoing research, claiming that President Clinton had purposefully lowered the US military budget.
    31. ^ Pope, Charles (2008-09-29). "Cheney changed his view on Iraq". Seattle Post Intelligencer. Retrieved 2008-10-25.
    32. ^ Solarz, Stephen, et al. "Open Letter to the President", February 19, 1998, online at IraqWatch.org. Accessed September 16, 2006.
    33. ^ Bailey, Ronald (July 1997). "Origin of the Specious"Reason. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
    34. ^ "Bush Begins Nation Building". WCVB TV. 2003-04-16.
    35. ^ Vernon, Wes (2001-04-07). "China Plane Incident Sparks Re-election Drives of Security-minded Senators"Newsmax. Retrieved 2008-03-30.
    36. ^ Harnden, Toby; Philps, Alan (2001-06-26). "Bush accused of adopting Clinton policy on Israel"The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 2008-03-30.
    37. ^ Baker, Gerard (2007-04-13). "The neocons have been routed"The Times (London). Retrieved May 20, 2010.
    38. ^ "The President's State of the Union Speech". White House Press Release, Jan. 29, 2002.
    39. ^ "Bush Speechwriter's Revealing Memoir Is Nerd's Revenge". The New York Observer, Jan. 19, 2003
    40. ^ "General Condemnation".
    41. ^ "National Security Strategy of the United States". National Security Council. 2002-09-20.
    42. ^ "The evolution of the Bush doctrine", in "The war behind closed doors". FrontlinePBS. February 20, 2003.
    43. ^ "The Bush Doctrine". Think TankPBS. July 11, 2002.
    44. ^ "Assessing the Bush Doctrine", in "The war behind closed doors". FrontlinePBS. February 20, 2003.
    45. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth; Larry Rohter (2008-04-10). "2 Camps Trying to Influence McCain on Foreign Policy"The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-16.
    46. a b "Viewpoint: The end of the neocons?", Jonathan Clarke, British Broadcasting Corporation, January 13, 2009
    47. ^ Fritz SternFive Germanies I Have Known (2006 hc), p.72
    48. ^ Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000), 241.
    49. ^ Kristol, Irving. "American conservatism 1945-1995". Public Interest, Fall 1995.
    50. ^ http://www.e-ir.info/?p=1394
    51. ^ Muravchik, Joshua (2006-11-19). "Can the Neocons Get Their Groove Back?"The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
    52. ^ Kristol, What Is a Neoconservative? 87
    53. ^ Podhoretz, 275.
    54. ^ Chernus, chapter 1.
    55. ^ Steinfels, 69.
    56. ^ Klein, Joe "McCain's Foreign Policy Frustration" TIME magazine, July 23, 2008
    57. ^ Andrew Sullivan,"A False Premise", Sullivan's Daily Dish, February 5, 2009.
    58. ^ Joshua Muravchik: The Past, Present, and Future of Neoconservatism Commentary October 2007.
    59. ^ Irving Kristol: The Neoconservative Persuasion. Weekly Standard, August 25th, 2003http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/000tzmlw.asp?page=2
    60. ^ Murray, p. 40
    61. ^ Stelzer, p. 198
    62. ^ William Coleman: Heroes or Heroics? Neoconservatism, Capitalism, and Bourgeois Ethics. Social Affairs Unit.http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000553.php
    63. ^ Neoconservatism: Why we Need it (Douglas Murray)
    64. ^ Harsanyi, David (2002-08-13). "Beware the Neocons"FrontPage Magazine. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
    65. ^ Lieber, Robert J. (2003-04-29). "The Left's Neocon Conspiracy Theory"The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
    66. ^ Jeffrey GoldbergJoe Klein on Neoconservatives and Iran The Atlantic blog, July 29, 2008.
    67. ^ Brooks, David (2004). Irwin Stelzer, ed.. ed. The NeoCon Reader. Grove. ISBN 0-8021-4193-5.
    68. ^ Rubin, Barry (2003-04-06 accessdate=2008-03-31). "Letter from Washington"h-antisemitism.
    69. ^ Kinsley, Michael (2005-04-17). "The Neocons' Unabashed Reversal"The Washington Post: p. B07. Retrieved 2006-12-25. Kinsley quotes Rich Lowry, whom he describes as "a conservative of the non-neo variety", as criticizing the neoconservatives "messianic vision" and "excessive optimism"; Kinsley contrasts the present-day neoconservative foreign policy to earlier neoconservative Jeane Kirkpatrick's "tough-minded pragmatism".
    70. ^ Martin Jacques, "The neocon revolution", The Guardian, March 31, 2005. Accessed online December 25, 2006. (Cited for "unilateralism".)
    71. ^ Rodrigue Tremblay, "The Neo-Conservative Agenda: Humanism vs. Imperialism", presented at the Conference at the American Humanist Association annual meeting Las Vegas, May 9, 2004. Accessed online 25 December 2006 on the site of the Mouvement laïque québécois.
    72. ^ CNN: Putin accuses U.S. of orchestrating Georgian war, September 12, 2008
    73. ^ CNN: Bolivian president calls for ouster of U.S. ambassador, September 12, 2008
    74. ^ CNN: Venezuela to expel US ambassador over coup plot, September 12, 2008
    75. ^ TIME: U.S. Ambassador Patrick Duddy given 72 hours to leave Venezuela, September 12, 2008
    76. ^ McGowan, J. (2007). "Neoconservatism". American Liberalism: An Interpretation for Our Time. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 124–133. ISBN 0-807-83171-9.
    77. ^ Dickinson, Tim (2007-06-20). "The Secret Campaign of President Bush's Administration To Deny Global Warming"Current Biology (Rolling Stone). Retrieved 2007-07-14.
    78. ^ Tolson 2003.

    [edit]References

    [edit]Further reading

    [edit]History

    [edit]Identity

    [edit]Explanations of ideas

    [edit]Critiques

    [edit]Conservative criticism

    [edit]Leo Strauss and Trotskyism

    [edit]American Jews

    [edit]External links