RENEWABLES 2010 GLOBALE STATUS REPORT

.Google Documens (p80:pdf) :
RENEWABLES 2010 GLOBALE STATUS REPORT
http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/REN21_GSR_2010_full.pdf
http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/REN21_GSR_2010_full_revised%20Sept2010.pdf
.Google Documens (p61:pdf) :
Global Trend in Sustainable Energy Investment 2010
Analysis of Trends and Isssues in the Financing of RenewableEnergy and energy Efficiency
http://sefi.unep.org/fileadmin/media/sefi/docs/publications/UNEP_v2_proof9.pdf
【From】: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2010/07/the-state-of-new-energy-investing?cmpid=rss
========= ========

希望のある未来社会を創ろう

【Let's create hopeful future.】
世界の人口増大にともなって、世界的な大きな課題となってきた食料問題の解決や雇用創出を目的として、自然再生循環系(sustainable)の経済・社会体制を創造し、地球温暖化防止の係る環境創造を発展させるために、地球の表面積の約70%の海洋の利用や海洋資源開発関係等の新しい海洋開発産業・事業、大規模洋上風力発電等のプロジェクトを構築し世界の青年の夢と希望を拡げながら国際的な協力で、希望のある未来社会を創って行きましょう。

Prisident Obama 氏の支援グループへの私の過去のメール

President Obama 氏の支援グループへの私のメール
How do you do. 
 My name is yuuji matuoka , as a civil ocean engineer in japan , age 61. I want to show my presentation about the ocean development aiming at making the peaceful world to the President of Obama USA. ( : My this presentation is always my lifework. ) How do you come to be able to do it from poor life in rich life? How to change to be able to do it from the poor people to the plentful people? The Ocean Development was presented by J.F.Kennedy before about 40 years ago. Here are many objects on the subjects in these difficult big projects, but I believe it will be possible and succeed. Those many projects will be able to make up many jobs for worldwide people. The best leader will be present both The hope and The Dream for many people believing the leader. Please show to USA President Obama my presentation. I hope USA President Mr.Obama will succeed as Best excellent top leader in the world at 21century.
This is my presentation. : 私の海洋開発提案 : ノアの箱舟を創ろう-Super Floating Structure
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?hl=ja&hl=ja&key=0Aj0s8hP9-4RddEtHWWRZOTlrRk1RRHc5ZzlKVk1LRVE&output=html
2009.1.29
===============
===============

OREC- Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition

OREC- Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition
Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition http://www.oceanrenewable.com/
President Obama Announces Ocean Task Force On June 12, 2009, President Obama announced the formation...
Markey/Waxman legislation on Climate Change Released; News for Marine Renewables Developers On May 15, 2009, Representatives Waxman and Markey...
Congressional Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency EXPO & Forum SUSTAINABLE ENERGY COALITION MARK YOUR CALENDAR ...
http://www.oceanrenewable.com/2008/10/30/201/
~~~ ~~~ ~~~
メールで、私に a business co-operation and your assistance の協力の申し出が米国系の機関(Wright Matthew)からありました。 2010.5.19
~~~  ~~~  ~~~
From: Wright Matthew Sent: Monday, May 17, 2010 6:06 PM To: undisclosed-recipients: Subject: I need your co-operation
I need your co-operation
Hello , I am writing to you for a business co-operation and your assistance . I have some money, i will like to invest with you in your country on a good areas you could choose . I will give you further details when i read from you. I secured your contact through a directory and that is why I have written to ask for a business co-operation with you. I await your response.
Thank you. Wright Matthew.
~~~ ~~~ ~~~
【参考リンク】: http://www.oceanrenewable.com/2010/03/12/matt-r-simmons-to-address-gmrec-iii-during-thursday-april-15th-luncheon/
Matt R. Simmons to Address GMREC III during Thursday, April 15th Luncheon
March 12, 2010 by TMarieHilton
Filed under Announcements, Blog, OREC Newsroom
Matthew R. Simmons is Chairman Emeritus of Simmons & Company International, a specialized energy investment banking firm. The firm has completed approximately 770 investment banking projects for its worldwide energy clients at a combined dollar value in excess of $140 billion.
Mr. Simmons was raised in Kaysville, Utah. He graduated cum laude from the University of Utah and received an MBA with Distinction from Harvard Business School. He served on the faculty of Harvard Business School as a Research Associate for two years and was a Doctoral Candidate.
Mr. Simmons began a small investment bank/advisory firm in Boston. Among his early clients were several subsea service companies. By 1973, almost all of his clients were oil service companies. Following the 1973 Oil Shock, Simmons decided to create a Houston-based firm to concentrate on providing highest quality investment banking advice to the worldwide oil service industry. Over time, the specialization expanded into investment banking covering all aspects of the global energy industry.
SCI’s offices are located in Houston, Texas; London, England; Boston, Massachusetts; Aberdeen, Scotland and Dubai, UAE. In 2007, Mr. Simmons founded The Ocean Energy Institute in Mid-Coast Maine. The Institute’s focus is to research and create renewable energy sources from all aspects of our oceans.
Simmons serves on the Board of Directors of Houston Technology Center (Houston) and the Center for Houston’s Future (Houston). He also serves on The University of Texas’ M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Foundation Board of Visitors (Houston) and is a Trustee of the Bermuda Institute for Ocean Sciences. In addition, he is past Chairman of the National Ocean Industry Association. Mr. Simmons is a past President of the Harvard Business School Alumni Association and a former member of the Visiting Committee of Harvard Business School. He is a member of the National Petroleum Council, Council on Foreign Relations and The Atlantic Council of the United States. Mr. Simmons is a Trustee of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, The Island Institute and Farnsworth Art Museum in Maine.
Mr. Simmons’ recently published book Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy has been listed on the Wall Street Journal’s best-seller list. He has also published numerous energy papers for industry journals and is a frequent speaker at government forums, energy symposiums and in boardrooms of many leading energy companies around the world.
Mr. Simmons is married and has five daughters. His hobbies include watercolors, cooking, writing and travel.
=======    =======
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2010年5月23日日曜日

DOE Announces RFI on Rare Earth Metals :U.S. Department of Energy

【出展リンク】:

http://www.energy.gov/news/8945.htm


Link: Energy Home Page

Science and Technology ButtonEnergy Sources ButtonEnergy Efficiency ButtonThe Environment ButtonPrices and Trends ButtonNational Security ButtonSafety and Health Button
int_sechdr_news
May 6, 2010

DOE Announces RFI on Rare Earth Metals

Washington, D.C. - The Department of Energy has released a Request for Information (RFI) soliciting information on rare earth metals and other materials used in the energy sector.
The request is specifically focused on rare earth metals (e.g., lanthanum, cerium and neodymium) and several other metals including lithium and cobalt, but respondents are welcome to identify other materials of interest. These materials are important to the development and deployment of a variety of clean energy technologies, such as wind turbines, hybrid vehicles, solar panels and energy efficient light bulbs.
In a March 17 speech, Assistant Secretary of Energy for Policy & International Affairs David Sandalow announced that DOE is developing its first-ever strategic plan concerning rare earth metals and other materials in energy components, products and processes. Assistant Secretary Sandalow said, "Clean energy technologies create jobs, cut costs and reduce pollution. The information we're requesting today will help guide the Department of Energy as it helps shape a clean energy future."
The responses to the RFI will help inform DOE's understanding of supply and demand for these materials, opportunities for developing substitutes and the potential for using these materials more efficiently.  Responses are due no later than 5:00pm (EDT) on June 7, 2010, and should be submitted electronically to materialstrategy@hq.doe.gov.
For more information, view the Materials Strategy RFI (pdf - 76 kb) or read Assistant Secretary Sandalow's speech (pdf - 49 kb).
Media contact(s):
(202) 586-4940



Link: The White HouseLink: Energy.Gov/RECOVERYLink: USA.govLink: Privacy ProgramLink: E-govLink: Information Quality (IQ)Link: FOIA Program
U.S. Department of Energy | 1000 Independence Ave., SW | Washington, DC 20585
1-202-586-5000 | f/202-586-4403



Kenneth Ewert Boulding (1910-1993) :

【出展リンク1】:

http://www.eumed.net/cursecon/economistas/Boulding.htm


Kenneth Ewert Boulding (1910-1993) 
Si se puede decir de alguien que fue un heterodoxo ortodoxo es de Kenneth E. Boulding. Consiguió encabezar todas las listas de economistas disidentes y marginales, sus trabajos se negaban a seguir las modas académicas y, gravísimo pecado, nunca obtuvo el título de doctor. Pero simultáneamente permaneció plenamente integrado en el mundo universitario, fue leído con atención por sus colegas ejerciendo una visible influencia intelectual sobre su generación y llegó a ser promovido a puestos de máximo prestigio académico como la presidencia de la American Economic Association y de la American Association for the Advancement of Sciences.
Nacido en Liverpool, hijo único de un fontanero,  él fue el primer miembro de su familia en estudiar más allá de la educación básica. Alumno de Lionel Robbins en Oxford,  obtiene una beca para estudiar en Estados Unidos en los años treinta, en la época de la gran depresión. Trabajó en muchas Universidades, Colgate University, Fisk University (un college para negros en Tennessee), Iowa State College, Stanford, la International Christian University de Japan, pero sobre todo en la University of Michigan y la University of Colorado en Boulder en la que permaneció desde 1967 hasta su fallecimiento. 
La obra de Boulding traspasó continuamente las fronteras establecidas de la ciencia económica. Ética, religión, filosofía de las ciencias sociales, pacifismo, poder, evolución y equilibrio ecológico, fueron los temas que atrajeron su atención y sobre los que proporcionó penetrantes análisis.
En su libro "La economía del amor y del temor" analiza transacciones económicas unidireccionales basadas en dos tipos de motivaciones, integradoras y coactivas: el regalo, que surge del amor, y el tributo, provocado por el temor.
En "Las tres caras del poder", establece tres categorías: el poder amenazador, destructivo por naturaleza, que se utiliza sobre todo en el mundo de la política; el poder económico, que se basa en el poder de producir e intercambiar; y el poder integrador, que se basa en relaciones como la legitimidad, el respeto, el afecto, el amor, la comunidad y la personalidad.
Persona profundamente religiosa y formada en la tradición metodista, su antibelicismo le hizo entrar de joven en la "Sociedad de Amigos" (los cuáqueros), comunidad de la que fue siempre activo miembro y prolífico publicista. También escribió y publicó algún libro de poemas.

Ver también de Kenneth E. Boulding:





Dos poemas de K.E. Boulding
Economist Poem 

If you do some acrobatics
with a little mathematics
it will take you far along.
If your idea's not defensible
don't make it comprehensible
or folks will find you out,
and your work will draw attention
if you only fail to mention
what the whole thing is about.

Your must talk of GNP
and of elasticity
of rates of substitution
and undeterminate solution
and oligonopopsony. 


Kenneth E. Boulding


Poema del Economista

Si haces algunas acrobacias
con unas pocas matemáticas
te harán llegar muy lejos.
Si tu idea no es defendible
no la hagas comprensible
o tus colegas te descubrirán,
y tu trabajo ganará en atención
si tan solo no haces mención
de qué va el tema general.

Debes hablar de PNB
y de elasticidad
de tasas de sustitución
y solución indeterminada
y oligonopsonio.

(Traducción J. Marcos Castro)

Sonnet for Economics
Economist for all my working days,
I should by this time roughly know what's best
For humankind, and put to some small test
My colleagues' images of yeas and nays.
The economy, however is a maze;
To map it is a very complex quest.
Even its history mostly must be guessed
So, over this great ignorance we raise
A fantasy of markets with perfection,
Mistaking charm and elegance for truth;
But Error has a penetrating tooth
That bites when we go in a false direction.
And if our theories are mainly fictions,
It's most unwise to make exact predictions!
Kenneth E. Boulding
24 de junio de 1992
Soneto por la Economía
Economista durante toda una vida de trabajo
Debería ya, más o menos, saber
Qué es lo mejor para la humanidad, y a prueba poner
La expresión de mis colegas de aprobación o rechazo.
La economía es un laberinto, sin embargo;
Difícil trabajo es cartografiarla.
Incluso su historia debe ser adivinada.
Así, sobre esta gran ignorancia levantamos
Una fantasía de mercados con perfección,
Confundiendo verdad con encanto y don de gentes:
Pero don Error tiene un penetrante diente
Que clava cuando vamos en falsa dirección.
Si son nuestras teorías en gran parte ficciones,
¡Es muy torpe hacer exactas predicciones!
(Traducción J.C.M.Coll)




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==============================

【出展リンク2】:


Kenneth Ewert Boulding, 1910-1993

Photo of K.E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding never knew any boundaries: born in Liverpool, he ascended class prejudice to a distinguished undergraduate career at Oxford - publishing his first paper (1932) while still there. Not bothering to pick up his B. Litt., Boulding proceeded to America. A meeting withSchumpeter on the transatlantic crossing led him to spend some time at Harvard before proceeding on to Chicago - where, under the influence of both Knight and Schultz he wrote a series of other papers on capital theory (pro-Knight, contra Austrians). Not bothering to pick up a Ph.D., Boulding went off to Scotland as an assitant lecturer at Edinburgh. In 1937, Boulding crossed back over to America, to Colgate this time, where he wrote his monumental two-volume textbook, Economic Analysis - the epitome of the Neoclassical- Keynesian Synthesis - before proceeding on to roam around the country: to work for the League of Nations at Princeton, at Fisk University in Tennessee, Iowa State College at Ames (where he wrote his famous 1944 paper on liquidity preference and his 1950 Reconstruction of Economics on stock-flow distinctions), University of Michigan (where he set up his "Center for Research in Conflict Resolution") - with intermediary stays at Stanford (where he set up the famous "Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences") and the International Christian University in Japan (from whence arose his first work on "evolutionary" economics (1970)) - before finally settling at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1967.
The geographically-unbounded Boulding was also intellectually unbounded - perhaps a legacy of his early mentor and greatest influence, FrankKnight. His early work on opportunity cost, capital theory, international trade (collected in five massive volumes) and his 1941 textbook were exercises in mostly conventional economics - which earned him the prestigious J.B. Clark Medal of the AEA in 1949 (and the Presidency in 1968).
However, his 1944 paper and his 1950 book were attempts at reconstructing a balance-sheet approach to economics in an almost Post Keynesian vein. His work on fusing biology and economics in evolutionary economics (1970, 1978), were already intimated in his influential 1956 tract, The Image. He insisted on bringing in more aspects of economic behavior into economic life. Of his tripartite classification of economic activity - exchange, threat and grants - only the first he felt had been dealt with by economic theory (and even then, inadequately). The latter two, after much resistance, are only now being considered seriously in economics.
Boulding was a forceful advocate of normative economics - bringing ethical, religious and ecological concerns to bear on the analysis of desirable economic outcomes - and a ceaseless activist for the integration of the social sciences. Boulding was also something of a poet (see his sonnets, 1945), ethical and social philosopher (e.g. 1968) and, as his practical efforts demonstrate, a scholar of social conflict, war and peace (e.g. 1962, 1968, 1978, 1985). Verily, Boulding was a true squire of Knight indeed!
Major works of Kenneth E. Boulding

Resources on K.E. Boulding






HomeAlphabetical IndexSchools of Thought Surveys and Essays
Web LinksReferencesContactFrames

=====================

【参考リンク】: Kenneth Ewert Boulding :

https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fhtml%2Fbiomems%2Fkboulding.pdf

【代表的な著書】:

The Meaning of the Twentieth Century: The Great Transition. New York:
Harper & Row.



Economic Development :

【出展リンク】:




Economic Development

Downtown Lusaka, Zambia (best city in the world!)

For many lay people, economic development - by which we mean the analysis of the economic progress of nations - is what economics as a whole is designed to address. Indeed, what but to find the "nature and causes" of economic development was Adam Smith's purpose? For modern economists, however, the status of economic development is somewhat more uncomfortable: it has always been the maverick field, lurking somewhere in the background but not really considered "real economics" but rather an amalgam of sociology, anthropology, history, politics and, all-too- often, ideology.

Nonetheless, few of the greatest economists actually ignored it outright. As already noted, Adam Smith and indeed, perhaps the entire ClassicalSchool was concerned with what might be termed "economic development". Schumpeter's first famous book was entitled a Theory of Economic Development (1911). The German Historical School - and its English and American counterparts - could very well be deemed part of development economics. The entire theory of economic growth can be said to be geared towards it or even underlying it.
Nonetheless, "economic development", as it is now understood, really only started in the 1930s when, prompted by Colin Clark's 1939 quantitative study, economists began realizing that most of humankind did not live in an advanced capitalist economic system. However, the great early concern was still Europe: namely, postwar European reconstruction and the industrialization of its eastern fringes - as exemplified by the pioneering 1943 article of Paul Rosenstein- Rodan and Kurt Mandelbaum's 1947 tome. It was only some time after the war that economists really began turning their concerns towards Asia, Africa and Latin America.

To this end, decolonization was an important catalyst. Faced with a new plethora of nations whose standards of living and institutions were so different from the European, modern development theory, by which we mean the analysis not only of growth but also of the institutions which could induce, sustain and accelerate growth, began in earnest. Early development theorists - such as Bert Hoselitz, Simon Kuznets, W. Arthur Lewis, HlaMyint were among the first economists to begin analyzing economic development as a distinct subject.
The post-war formation of the United Nations - and its attendant agencies, such as the World Bank, the I.M.F., the I.L.O. and the various regional commissions - proved to be another important impetus. The commissioning of numerous studies by these institutions led to the emergence of a non-academic strand of development theory.

Development as Growth and Capital-Formation
Early economic development theory was but merely an extension of conventional economic theory which equated "development" with growth and industrialization. As a result, Latin American, Asian and African countries were seen mostly as "underdeveloped" countries, i.e. "primitive" versions of European nations that could, with time, "develop" the institutions and standards of living of Europe and North America.

As a result, "stage theory" mentality of economic development dominated discussions of economic development. As later made famous by Alexander Gerschenkron (1953, 1962) and, more crudely, Walt W. Rostow (1960), the stages theories argued that all countries passed through the same historical stages of economic development and that current underdeveloped countries were merely at an earlier stage in this linear historical progress while First World (European and North American) nations were at a later stage. "Linear stages" theories had been developed earlier byGerman Historicists, thus it ought not be surprising to find historians, such as Gerschenkron and Rostow, among its main adherents.
More enlightened attempts to arrive at an empirical definition of the concept of "underdevelopment", as exemplified by the work of Hollis Chenery, Simon Kuznets and Irma Adelman, led to the general conclusion that while there were not explicit "linear stages", countries tended nonetheless to exhibit similar patterns of development, although some differences could and did persist. The task of the development economist, in this light, was to suggest "short-cuts" by which underdeveloped countries might "catch up" with the developed and leap over a few stages.

By equating development with output growth, early development theorists, prompted by Ragnar Nurkse (1952), identified capital formation as the crucial component to accelerate development. The celebrated early work on the "dual economy" by Sir W. Arthur Lewis (1954, 1955) precisely stressed the role of savings in development. Early Keynesians, such as Kaldor and Robinson, attempted to call attention to the issue of income distribution as a determinant of savings and growth. Even modern Marxians such as Maurice Dobb (1951, 1960) focused on the issue of savings-formation.

Of course, savings could themselves be manipulated by government intervention - as Lewis had intimated and the Keynesians insisted. Indeed, earlier, Rosenstein-Rodan (1943) had argued that increasing returns to scale made government-directed industrialization feasible. The notion of turning "vicious circles" of low savings and low growth into "virtuous circles" of high savings and high growth by government intervention was reiterated by Hans W. Singer in his doctrine of "balanced growth" and Gunnar Myrdal in his theory of "cumulative causation". Thus, government involvement - whether by planning, socio-economic engineering or effective demand management - was regarded as a critical tool of economic development.

Other economists turned to international trade as the great catalyst to growth. Already Hla Myint, Gottfried Haberler and Jacob Viner had stressed this avenue - arguing along lines similar to the classical doctrine of Adam Smith that trade and specialization can increase the "extent of the market". However, earlier in the 1930s, D.H. Robertson had expressed his doubts on this account - and these were later reiterated by RagnarNurkse, H.W. Singer and R�ul Prebisch.

Social Aspects of Economic Development
Although capital-formation never really left the field, the meaning of the term mutated somewhat over time. T.W. Schultz, drawing upon his famousChicago School thesis, turned away from physical capital accumulation to emphasize the need for "human capital" formation. This led to an emphasis on education and training as pre-requisites of growth and the identification of the problem of the "brain drain" from the Third World to the First (and, as would later be stressed, from the private sector to government bureaucracies). W. Arthur Lewis and Hans W. Singer extended Schultz's thesis by arguing that social development as a whole - notably education, health, fertility, etc. - by improving human capital, were also necessary pre-requisites for growth. In this view, industrialization, if it came at the cost of social development, could never be self-sustaining.

However, it was really only in 1969 that Dudley Seers finally broke the growth fetishism of development theory. Development, he argued, was a social phenomenon that involved more than increasing per capita output. Development meant, in Seers's opinion, eliminating poverty, unemployment and inequality as well. SingerMyrdal and Adelman were among the first old hands to acknowledge the validity of Seers's complaint and many younger economists, such as Mahbub ul Haq, were galvanized by Seers's call to redefine economic development. Thus, structural issues such as dualism, population growth, inequality, urbanization, agricultural transformation, education, health, unemployment,etc. all began to be reviewed on their own merits, and not merely as appendages to an underlying growth thesis.

Particularly worthy of note was the resurrection of the work of Chayanov on the unique structures of peasant economies. Also emergent, in this period, was a debate on the very desirability of growth. E.F. Schumacher, in a famously provocative popular book, Small is Beautiful (1973), argued against the desirability of industrialization and extolled the merits of handicrafts economies. As the world environmental crisis became clearer in the 1980s, this debate took a new twist as the very sustainability of economic development was questioned. It became clear that the very desirability of development needed to be reconsidered.

Structuralism and its Discontents
Before Seers's complaint, many economists had already felt extraordinarily uncomfortable with early development theory and the implicit assumptions behind "stages" reasoning. A new (or old - depending on one's vantage point) idea began to germinate - what may be loosely termed "structuralism". The "structuralist" thesis, succinctly, called attention to the distinct structural problems of Third World countries: underdeveloped countries, they argued, were not merely "primitive versions" of developed countries, rather they had distinctive features of their own. As mentioned, Chenery had argued a similar thesis, but nonetheless focused on the similarities of experience. The newer structuralists, in contrast, sought to bring attention to the differences. Albert O. Hirschmann (1958) was one of the early few who stressed the need for country-specific analysis of development - as was stressed later by Dudley Seers.

One of these distinctive features was that, unlike European industrialization, Third World industrialization was supposed to occur while these countries existed alongside already- industrialized Western countries and were tied to them by trade. This, speculated a few, could give rise to distinct structural problems for development.

Coincidental with H.W. Singer, the UNCLA economist, Ra�l Prebisch, formulated the famous "dependency" theory of economic development, wherein he argued that the world had developed into a "center-periphery" relationship among nations, where the Third World was regressing into becoming the producer of raw materials for First World manufacturers and were thus condemned to a peripheral and dependent role in the world economy. Thus, Prebisch concluded, some degree of protectionism in trade was necessary if these countries were to enter a self-sustaining development path. Import-substitution, enabled by protection and government policy, rather than trade and export-orientation, was the preferred strategy. Historical examples of government-directed industrialization, such as Meiji Japan and Soviet Russia, were held up as proof that there was not only one path to development, as had been implied by the cruder "stages" theories.
The Prebisch-Singer thesis resounded with particularly with Marxian thinkers - who identified elements of Rosa Luxemburg's and V.I. Lenin'sarguments on imperialism in it. Breaking with savings-obsessed orthodox Marxian thinkers such as DobbNeo-Marxians such as Paul Baran, PaulSweezy, A.G. Frank and Samir Amin took the Prebisch-Singer thesis, merged it the Luxemburg thesis, and drew it into the modern era.  Many Third World governments adopted the language and policies of the structuralists and/or the Neo-Marxians in the 1960s and 1970s, and indeed, the movement seemed to have been eminently influential. "Neo-Colonialism", "core-periphery" and "dependency" were the catch-words of the day.

However, as time moved on, these policies seemed to fail to yield their promised fruit, and a Neoclassical (or, more accurately, Neo-Liberal) countermovement initiated by the lone voices of P.T. Bauer, I.M.D. Little, Deepak Lal, Bela Balassa, Anne Krueger and Harry G. Johnson began to gain more adherents. Their thesis was simple: government intervention did not only not improve development, it in fact thwarted it. The emergence of huge bureaucracies and state regulations, they argued, suffocated private investment and distorted prices making developing economies extraordinarily inefficient. In their view, the ills of unbalanced growth, dependency, etc. were all ascribed to too much government dirigisme, not too little.

In recent years, the Neoclassical thesis has gained greater adherence, particularly in Latin America. However, the evidence is still ambivalent and disputed. Both structuralists and counter-structuralists point to fast East Asian development and disastrous African experience as proofs of their directly opposing theses.

Early Development Theorists
  • Kurt Mandelbaum
    • Industrialization of Backward Areas, 1947.
    • One of the pioneers of development theory. His 1947 book, however, concentrated on Eastern European development.
  • Jacob Viner, 1892-1970.
Development, Planning and Economic Growth
  • Sir W. Arthur Lewis, 1915-1990.
  • Maurice H. Dobb, 1900-1976.
Social Development
  • Mahbub Ul-Haq
    • "Employment and Income Distribution in the 1970s: A new perspective", 1972, Development Digest
Structuralism and Neo-Marxian Theory
  • Celso Furtado, 1920-
    • Economic Growth of Brazil, 1963.
    • "The Concept of External Dependence in the Study of Underdevelopment", 1973, in Wilber, editor, Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment.
    • Brazilian economist and expounder of the "dependency" thesis of development.
  • Andre Gunder Frank, 1929-
  • Harry Magdoff
  • Arghiri Emmanuel
Contra-Structuralism: the Neo-Liberal School
  • Lord Peter Thomas Bauer, 1915-
  • Anne Krueger
  • Deepak K. Lal, 1940-
    • "The Foreign Trade Bottleneck Revisited: a geometric note", 1972, EDCC
    • Methods of Project Appraisal, 1974.
    • Appraising Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, 1975.
    • "Distribution and Development", 1976, World Dev Rev
    • Unemployment and Wage Inflation in Industrial Economies, 1977.
    • Prices for Planning: Towards a reform of Indian planning, 1980.
    • "A Liberal International Economic Order", 1980, Princeton Essays in International Finance
    • The Poverty of Development Economics
    • Oxford-trained development economist, one of the more vociferous opponents of the structuralist/dependency theory of development. Exploiter of the theory of the "second best" to the analysis of development policy and author of several practical tracts on economic planning.
Resources on Economic Development

The U. S. Marine Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap :OREC Newsroom :May 21, 2010 

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The U. S. Marine Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap

May 21, 2010 by TMarieHilton
Filed under OREC Newsroom
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The First Draft Roadmap-The United States Marine Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap
and The United States Marine Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap supporting document
by Robert Thresher, PhD, PE, NREL Research Fellow;National Renewable Energy Laboratory are available for download in .pdf format below.
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